Heat and Mass Transfer
Thermal conductivity of air with rise in temperature

Remain constant
Decreases
Increases
May increase or decrease depending on temperature

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Heat and Mass Transfer
A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insulating materials put over each other. For best results

Inferior insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Whether to put inferior OIL over pipe or the better one would depend on steam temperature
Better insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Both may be put in any order

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The heat transfer by conduction through a thick cylinder (Q) is given by (where T₁ = Higher temperature, T₂ = Lower temperature, r₁ = Inside radius, r₂ = Outside radius, l = Length of cylinder, and k = Thermal conductivity)

Q = [2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 log (r₂/r₁)
Q = [2π (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 lk log (r₂/r₁)
Q = 2.3 log (r₂/r₁)/[2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]
Q = = 2πlk/2.3 (T₁ - T₂) log (r₂/r₁)

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