Process Control and Instrumentation
The unit step response of the transfer function 1/(s² + 2s + 3)

Has a non-zero slope at the origin
Is unstable
Has a damped oscillatory characteristics
Is overdamped

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Process Control and Instrumentation
The Laplace transform of exp(at), where a > 0, is defined only for the Laplace parameter, s > a since

The function is exponential
The function exp(at) is piece-wise continuous only for s > a
The Laplace transform integral of exp(at) has initial values only for s > a
The Laplace transform of integral of exp(at) has finite values only for s > a

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Time constant is the

Same as transportation lag
Same as dead time
Time required by the measured variable to reach 63.2% of its ultimate change
Time taken by the controlled variable to reach 63.2% of its full change

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