Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The total pressure force on a plane area is equal to the area multiplied by the intensity of pressure at the Centroid, if

The area is horizontal
The area is vertical
The area is inclined
All of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in a pipe or channel is said to be uniform when

Each liquid particle has a definite path
The liquid particles at all sections have the same velocities
The quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant
The liquid particles at different sections have different velocities

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)

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