Structural Analysis
The thickness of the rectangular plate for the cap or base of a solid round steel columns, is calculated from the formula t = √[(9W/16 fbct) × D/(D -d)] where ‘d’ is

The dimension of the base
The reduced diameter of the column
The diameter of the top
The diameter of the base

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Structural Analysis
The effective length of lacing is the distance

Between the inner end rivets of the bar for single lacing
Between the inner ends of effective lengths of welds connecting the members
All of these
0.7 of the distance between the inner end rivets of the bar for double lacing

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