Structural Analysis
The thickness of the rectangular plate for the cap or base of a solid round steel columns, is calculated from the formula t = √[(9W/16 fbct) × D/(D -d)] where ‘d’ is

The dimension of the base
The diameter of the base
The reduced diameter of the column
The diameter of the top

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Structural Analysis
The effective length of lacing is the distance

0.7 of the distance between the inner end rivets of the bar for double lacing
Between the inner ends of effective lengths of welds connecting the members
Between the inner end rivets of the bar for single lacing
All of these

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Structural Analysis
When a uniformly distributed load, shorter than the span of the girder, moves from left to right, then the conditions for maximum bending moment at a section is that

the tail of the load reaches the section
the head of the load reaches the section
the load position should be such that the section divides it equally on both sides
the load position should be such that the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the span

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