Workshop Technology
Sand wash is a casting defect which

Occurs near the ingates as rough lumps on the surface of a casting
Results in general enlargement of the casting
Occurs as sand patches on the upper surface of a casting
Results in a mismatching of the top and bottom parts of a casting

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Workshop Technology
The diaphragm moulding machine is used to

Ram the sand harder at the back of the mould and softer on the pattern face
Ram the sand harder at the pattern face with decreasing hardness towards the back of the mould
Produce uniform packing of sand in the mould
Give uniform sand hardness throughout the mould

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Workshop Technology
During hot working of metals

Grain structure of the metal is refined
All of the listed here
Porosity of the metal is largely eliminated
Mechanical properties are improved due to refinement of grains

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