RCC Structures Design
The spacing of transverse reinforcement of column is decided by the following consideration.

Sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rods in the column
Forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement
All listed here
The least lateral dimension of the column

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RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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