Surveying
The scale of a vertical photograph of focal length ‘f’ taken from height of ‘H’ metres above M.S.L., at a point of reduced level ‘h’, is

f/(H + h)
(H - h)/f
f/H
f/(H - h)

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Surveying
The meridian of a place is

A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place
A great circle passing through the place and the poles
An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles

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