Microbial Metabolism
The relationship between an oxidation-reduction potential difference and the standard free energy change is (where n is the number of moles of electron transferred, F= Faraday's constant and E°= standard oxidation-reduction potential difference)

ΔG° = nFE°
ΔG° = -nFlnE°
ΔG° = nFlnE°
ΔG° = -nFE°

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Microbial Metabolism
ATPase

extrudes protons from the cell coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP
carries out each of the reactions indicated in (a) and (b)
synthesizes ATP, coupled to transfer of extracellular protons into the cell
is the enzyme that incorporates ATP into messenger RNA

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