Microbial Metabolism
The relationship between an oxidation-reduction potential difference and the standard free energy change is (where n is the number of moles of electron transferred, F= Faraday's constant and E°= standard oxidation-reduction potential difference)

ΔG° = nFlnE°
ΔG° = nFE°
ΔG° = -nFlnE°
ΔG° = -nFE°

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Microbial Metabolism
The mechanism of passive or facilitated diffusion require

accumulation of solute against an electrochemical gradient
concentration of solute against an electrochemical gradient
metabolic energy
accumulation or concentration of solute against an electrochemical gradient

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