Surveying
The relation between the air base (B), photographic base (b), flying height (H) and the focal length (f) of a vertical photograph, is

B = b/fH
B = H/bf
B = bH/f
B =f/bH

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Surveying
The length of a chain is measured from

outside of one handle to outside of other handle
centre of one handle to centre of other handle
inside of one handle to inside of other handle
outside of one handle to inside of other handle

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
double sighting
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle

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