System Analysis and Design
The records in a file or magnetic tape

can only be accessed serially
have to be arranged in a key sequence
are meant for backup
cannot be transferred to a disk file

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System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

None of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
All of these
assumes that the black box is independent

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