System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent
None of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable

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System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a map of the programmer's view of the data
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level
a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
a group of related fields

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