System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
None of these

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System Analysis and Design
An audit trial is

None of these
test data used by the system auditor
designed to permit tracing of any input record or process performed on a system, back toits original sources
All of these
post-auditing the system after its implementation

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