System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent
None of these
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a map of the programmer's view of the data
a group of related fields
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level
a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system

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System Analysis and Design
Rapid prototyping proves the quality of a design by

having a program simulate the real system
having a data flow diagram
having the system analyst present an overview of the design to users, programmers, and consultants
None of these
both (a) and (b)

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