System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

None of these
All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
assumes that the black box is independent

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System Analysis and Design
A couple:

None of these
is represented by a line joining two modules
is a data item that moves from one module to another
None of these
means that the upper module has the capability of calling the lower module

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