Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
The reason for volumetric efficiency of reciprocating compressor being less than 100 percent is

Clearance volume and leakages
Superheating in compressor
All of these
Pressure drop across the valves

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
Ratio of compression is the ratio of

Stroke volume and clearance volume
Absolute discharge pressure to the absolute intake pressure
Gauge discharge pressure to the gauge intake pressure
Pressures at discharge and suction corresponding to same temperature

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