Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
The reason for volumetric efficiency of reciprocating compressor being less than 100 percent is

Clearance volume and leakages
Pressure drop across the valves
All of these
Superheating in compressor

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
An ideal air compressor cycle without clearance on P-V diagram can be represented by following processes

Two adiabatic and two isobaric
One adiabatic, one isobaric and two constant volumes
One adiabatic, two isobaric, and one constant volume
Two adiabatic, one isobaric and one constant volume

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
If p₁ is the pressure of air entering the L.P, cylinder and p₃ is the pressure of air leaving the H.P. cylinder, then the ratio of cylinder diameters for a single acting, two stage reciprocating compressor with complete intercooling is given by

D₁/D₂ = (p₁ p₃)1/4
D₁/D₂ = (p₁/p₃)1/4
D₁/D₂ = (p₃/p₁)1/4
D₁/D₂ = (p₁ p₃)1/2

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
The following is true for an open cycle gas turbine having exhaust heat exchanger. Atmospheric air before entering the compressor is

Exhaust gases drive the compressor
Compressed air before entering the combustion chamber is heated
Bled gas from turbine is heated and readmitted for complete expansion
Heated

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
Producer gas is produced by

Passing steam over incandescent coke
Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 65°C
Carbonisation of coal
Partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast

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