Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
The reason for volumetric efficiency of reciprocating compressor being less than 100 percent is

Pressure drop across the valves
Clearance volume and leakages
Superheating in compressor
All of these

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
Water gas is produced by

Passing steam over incandescent coke
Partial combustion of coal, eke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast
Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 65°C
Carbonisation of coal

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