Mass Transfer
The reason for preferring packed towers over plate towers in distillation practice is that the packed tower operation gives

Low pressure drop and high hold up
High pressure drop and high hold up
Low pressure drop and low hold up
High pressure drop and low hold up

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Mass Transfer
If the solubilities of different components (in a liquid-liquid extraction system) increase with rise in temperature, then the temperature above which they dissolve completely is known as the critical solution temperature (CST or consolute temperature). If solubilities increase with decrease in temperature, then CST is the temperature below which they dissolve completely. If a binary system has no critical solution temperature, it implies that

The system comprises of partially mis-cible liquids
The system comprises of an azeotrope
The system comprises of miscible liquids
On heating, a vapor phase will appear ; while on cooling, a solid phase will appear

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In towers packed with stacked packing

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