Chemical Reaction Engineering
For a tubular reactor with space time 'τ' and residence time 'θ', the following statement holds good.

τ = θ , for a non-isothermal reactor
τ = θ , when the fluid density changes in the reactor
τ = θ , for an isothermic tubular reactor in which the density of the process fluid is constant
τ and θ are always equal

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Chemical Reaction Engineering
A catalyst loses its activity due to

All of these
Loss in surface area of the active component
Agglomeration of metal particles caused by thermal sintering of the solid surface
Covering of the catalytic active sites by a foregin substance

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