Furnace Technology
The purpose of controlling the furnace atmosphere is to prevent surface attack by

Decarburising
Either of the above
Oxidation/scaling
Sulphur penetration

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of non-preheated combustion air
Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air

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