Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Axial load plus stress due to bending
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending
Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation

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Machine Design
In a hydrodynamic lubricated bearing

There is a thick film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing
There is a thin film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing
There is no lubricant between the journal and the bearing
The lubricant is forced between the journal and the bearing, by external pressure

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