Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is the ratio of

Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine
Actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel
Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
None of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge over a rectangular weir, considering the velocity of approach, is (whereH1 = H + Ha = Total height of water above the weir, H = Height of water over the crest of the weir, and Ha = Height of water due to velocity of approach)

(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H15/2 - Ha5/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H1 - Ha]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H12 - Ha2]
(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H13/2 - Ha3/2]

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)

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