Manufacturing And Production Technology
In a shaper, the length of stroke is increased by

Increasing the centre distance of bull gear and crank pin
Increasing the length of the arm
Decreasing the centre distance of bull gear and crank pin
Decreasing the length of the slot in the slotted lever

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece
All of these
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
Cutting velocity remains constant

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