RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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RCC Structures Design
In a singly reinforced beam

Elastic moduli for concrete and steel have different values within the limits of deformation of the beam
Steel possesses initial stresses when embedded in concrete
Plane sections transverse to the centre line of the beam before bending remain plane after bending
Compression is borne entirely by concrete

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