Engineering Thermodynamics
The mass of excess air supplied is equal to

(23/100) × Mass of excess carbon
(100/23) × Mass of excess oxygen
(100/23) × Mass of excess carbon
(23/100) × Mass of excess oxygen

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Engineering Thermodynamics
Producer gas is obtained by

Passing steam over incandescent coke
Partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast
Carbonization of bituminous coal
Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 650°C

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