Surveying
The length of a parallel of λ latitude between two meridians is equal to difference in longitudes multiplied by

cos λ
sin λ
cot λ
tan λ

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Surveying
Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated by taking both face observations ?

error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis
index error i.e. error due to imperfect adjustment of the vertical circle vernier
error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line of collimation
None of these

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