Surveying
The length of a parallel of λ latitude between two meridians is equal to difference in longitudes multiplied by

tan λ
cos λ
cot λ
sin λ

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Surveying
Systematic errors

All listed here
Are also known as cumulative errors
Always follow some definite mathematical law
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values

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Surveying
The prismatic compass and surveyor’s compass

both give QB of a line and WCB of a line
both give WCB of a line
give whole circle bearing (WCB) of a line and quadrantal bearing (QB) of a line respectively
both give QB of a line

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Surveying
Theodolite is an instrument used for

measurement of vertical angles only
measurement of both horizontal and vertical angles
tightening the capstan-headed nuts of level tube
measurement of horizontal angles only

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