Surveying
The length of a parallel of λ latitude between two meridians is equal to difference in longitudes multiplied by

cot λ
cos λ
tan λ
sin λ

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Surveying
If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be rotated

on its outer spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and gra-duated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and graduated scale of lower plate

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