Process Control and Instrumentation
Time constant is the

Same as dead time
Same as transportation lag
Time taken by the controlled variable to reach 63.2% of its full change
Time required by the measured variable to reach 63.2% of its ultimate change

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Process Control and Instrumentation
The characteristic equation for the control system with a closed loop transfer function G₁/1 + G₂ is given by 1 + G₂ = 0. The characteristic equation for the control system

Determines its stability
All of these
Depends only upon the open loop transfer function
Is the same for set point or load changes

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