Automobile Engineering in ME
The indicated power of a four stroke engine (in watts) is equal to (where P = Mean effective pressure in N/m², L = Length of stroke in metres, A = Cross-sectional area of the piston in m², and N = Speed of the engine in revolutions per second (r.p.s)

P.L.A.N/2
P.L.A.N/4
2 × P.L.A.N
P.L.A.N

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Automobile Engineering in ME
It is necessary to maintain the valve clearances as they

Reduce the resistance to sliding that occurs between the cam and the tappet
Increase the speed at which the valves move up and down
Make the crankshaft turn smoothly
Allow for lengthening of the valves owing to the heat of combustion

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Automobile Engineering in ME
The basic purpose of a four wheel drive (4WD) system is that it

Ensures that effective braking can be performed, even on slippery surfaces
Delivers improved cornering on dry road surfaces
Ensures effective transmission of engine torque to all four wheels, even on slippery road surfaces
Eliminates the need of snow tyres, tyre chains, etc.

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Automobile Engineering in ME
The fuel pump of a programmed fuel injection (PFI) system operate for two seconds when the ignition is turned to the start position to

Supplies a large amount of fuel and thereby creates a choke effect
Warm up and lubricate the pump
Enable the pump's fault diagnosis function to operate
Pressurise the fuel system before the engine is started

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