Automobile Engineering in ME
The indicated power of a four stroke engine (in watts) is equal to (where P = Mean effective pressure in N/m², L = Length of stroke in metres, A = Cross-sectional area of the piston in m², and N = Speed of the engine in revolutions per second (r.p.s)

P.L.A.N
2 × P.L.A.N
P.L.A.N/4
P.L.A.N/2

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Automobile Engineering in ME
The function of positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system is that it

Promotes combustion by creating a swirling movement in the air-fuel mixture
Returns blow by gases from the crankcase to the intake system
Mixes fuel with air
Feeds blow by gases to the exhaust manifold

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Automobile Engineering in ME
The purpose of a balancer shaft is to

Adjusts the timing of the intake and exhaust valve openings
Reduce vibrations caused by the crankshaft rotation
Balance the timing in the movement of the two groups of pistons
Increase inertia force of the rotating crankshaft

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