Heat and Mass Transfer
The heat transfer by conduction through a thick cylinder (Q) is given by (where T₁ = Higher temperature, T₂ = Lower temperature, r₁ = Inside radius, r₂ = Outside radius, l = Length of cylinder, and k = Thermal conductivity)

Q = = 2πlk/2.3 (T₁ - T₂) log (r₂/r₁)
Q = [2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 log (r₂/r₁)
Q = 2.3 log (r₂/r₁)/[2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]
Q = [2π (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 lk log (r₂/r₁)

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Which of the following would lead to a reduction in thermal resistance?

In convection, stirring of the fluid and cleaning the heating surface.
All of these
In conduction, reduction in the thickness of the material and an increase in thermal conductivity.
In radiation, increasing the temperature and reducing the emissivity.

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