Microbial Genetics
The flow of genetic material in microbial cells usually takes place from

proteins through RNA to DNA
DNA through RNA to proteins
RNA through DNA to proteins
none of these

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Microbial Genetics
Why Deinococcus radiodurans is able to survive massive exposure to radiation?

Because its cellwall contains radioactive elements
Because it produces a thick shell which acts as a shield from the radiation
Because it has many copies of genes encoding DNA repair
Because it has unique DNA repair mechanisms

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Microbial Genetics
Why the bacterium Treponema pallidum is difficult to culture?

Because it requires a great deal of water to reproduce
Because it requires extremely low temperature at which water freezes
Because it lacks the genes needed for TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Because it is unable to use carbohydrates as an energy source

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