Manufacturing And Production Technology
The facing is an operation of

Machining the ends of a workpiece to produce a flat surface square with the axis
Embossing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of a workpiece
Reducing the diameter of a workpiece over a very narrow surface
Beveling the extreme end of a workpiece

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
All of these
Cutting velocity remains constant
Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece

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