Surveying
The equation which is obtained by multiplying each equation by the coefficient of its unknowns and by adding the equations thus formed, is known as

Observation equation
None of these
Conditional equation
Normal equation

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Surveying
Refraction correction

adds to the curvature correction
completely eliminates curvature correction
partially eliminates curvature correction
has no effect on curvature correction

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
is less accurate than height of instrument method
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels

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Surveying
Which of the following errors can be eliminated by taking mean of bot face observations ?

error due to imperfect adjustment of plate levels
error due to imperfect graduations
error due to line of collimation not being perpendicular to horizontal axis
error due to eccentricity of verniers

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