Machine Design
The ends of the leaves of a semi-elliptical leaf spring are made triangular in order to

Obtain variable moment of inertia (I) in each leaf
Permit each leaf to act as an overhanging beam
Make M/I constant throughout the length of the leaf
Have variable bending moment (M) in each leaf

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Machine Design
A stud

Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has pointed threads
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has both the ends threaded

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