Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  both (A) and (B).
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.
  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.

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Electrical Machines
Torque angle of a synchorous machine operating from a constant voltage bus is usually defined as the space angle between

 Stator mmf wave and resultant mmf wave.
 Stator mmf wave and resultant flux density.
 Rotor mmf wave and resultant flux density wave.
  Rotor mmf wave and stator mmf wave.

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