Design of Steel Structure
The elastic strain for steel is about

1/2 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/12 of maximum strain
1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and 1/200 of maximum strain
1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/120 of maximum strain
1/24 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/200 of maximum strain

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Design of Steel Structure
The mechanism method and the statical method give

upper bound on the strength of structure
upper and lower bounds respectively on the strength of structure
lower and upper bounds respectively on the strength of structure
lower bound on the strength of structure

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