Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In an outward flow reaction turbine

The water enters at the centre of the wheel and then flows towards the outer periphery of the wheel
The water flows parallel to the axis of the wheel
The flow of water is partly radial and partly axial
The water enters the wheel at the outer periphery and then flows towards the centre of the wheel

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge over a rectangular weir, considering the velocity of approach, is (whereH1 = H + Ha = Total height of water above the weir, H = Height of water over the crest of the weir, and Ha = Height of water due to velocity of approach)

(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H12 - Ha2]
(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H13/2 - Ha3/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H1 - Ha]
(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H15/2 - Ha5/2]

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