Measurement and Instrumentation
In AC circuits, the connection of measuring instruments cause loading effect errors which may effect

 both of above.
 only phase of the quantity being measured.
 only the magnitude of the quantity being measured.
 magnitude, phase and waveform of the quantity being measured.

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Measurement and Instrumentation
A Manganin swap resistance is connected in series with a moving coil ammeter consisting of a milli ammeter and a suitable shunt in order to

  Minimize the effect of temperature variation.
 Reduce the size of the meter.
 Minimize the effect of stray magnetic fields.
 Obtaine large deflecting torque.

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