Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The diagram factor is the ratio of the

Area of the actual indicator diagram to the area of theoretical indicator diagram
Actual workdone per stroke to the theoretical workdone per stroke
Actual mean effective pressure to the theoretical mean effective pressure
Any one of the above

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The power of a boiler may be defined as

The amount of water evaporated or steam produced in kg per kg of fuel burnt
The evaporation of 15.653 kg of water per hour from and at 100° C
The ratio of heat actually used in producing the steam to the heat liberated in the furnace
The amount of water evaporated from and at 100° C into dry and saturated steam

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
Spontaneous combustion is a phenomenon in which

Coal bursts into flame without any external ignition source but by itself due to gradual increase in temperature as a result of heat released by combination of oxygen with coal
All the fuel burns instantaneously producing high energy release
Fuel burns with less air
Explosion in furnace

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In natural circulation type boiler,

Water is supplied in drum and through down comers located in atmospheric condition it passes to the water wall and rises to drum in the form of mixture of water and steam
Feed pump is employed to supplement natural circulation in water wall type furnace
Heating takes place at bottom and the water supplied at bottom gets converted into the mixture of steam bubbles and hot water which rise to drum
Water is converted into steam in one. Pass without any recirculation

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