Surveying
The declination and right ascension of the sun becomes 23° 27' N and 90° respectively on

December 22
June 21
September 21
March 21

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
double sighting
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
is used at the time of standardising the tape
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag

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