Workshop Technology
Shift is a casting defect which

Occurs as sand patches on the upper surface of a casting
Occurs near the ingates as rough lumps on the surface of a casting
Results in a mismatching of the top and bottom parts of a casting
Results in general enlargement of a casting

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Workshop Technology
Spot welding is used for welding

Butt joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm
Lap joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm
Butt joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness
Lap joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness

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