Process Control and Instrumentation
Temperature measurement range of iron-constantan thermocouple is 0 to 870°C. It can be used to measure sub zero temperature, because at lower temperature

Rusting of iron takes place
Embrittlement of iron occurs
Emf produced is very low of the order of microvolt
Both B and C Here

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Process Control and Instrumentation
The characteristic equation for the control system with a closed loop transfer function G₁/1 + G₂ is given by 1 + G₂ = 0. The characteristic equation for the control system

Determines its stability
Is the same for set point or load changes
All of these
Depends only upon the open loop transfer function

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