Process Control and Instrumentation
Temperature measurement range of iron-constantan thermocouple is 0 to 870°C. It can be used to measure sub zero temperature, because at lower temperature

Embrittlement of iron occurs
Emf produced is very low of the order of microvolt
Both B and C Here
Rusting of iron takes place

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Process Control and Instrumentation
In a closed loop system, the process to be controlled is an integrating process with transfer function l/2s. The controller proposed to be used in an integral controller with transfer function 1/T₁s. When a step change in set point is applied to such a closed loop system, the controlled variable will exhibit

Underdamped response
Unstable response
Overdamped response
Undamped response

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