Surveying
Systematic errors

Always follow some definite mathematical law
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
Are also known as cumulative errors
All listed here

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Surveying
Circumpolar stars

Rotate round the North Pole
Are seldom seen near the pole star
Rotate round the celestial pole
Remain always above the horizon

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is less accurate than height of instrument method

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