Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
Stoichiometric quantity of air is the

Air required to convert CO into CO₂
Air required for optimum combustion so as to have reasonable excess air
Air present in atmosphere at NTP conditions
Air required for complete combustion of fuel with no excess air

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In forced recirculation type boiler,

Heating takes place at bottom and the water supplied at bottom gets converted into the mixture of steam bubbles and hot water which rise to drum
Water is supplied in drum and through down comers located in atmospheric condition it passes to the water wall and rises to drum in the form of mixture of water and steam
Feed pump is employed to supplement natural circulation in water wall type furnace
Water is converted into steam in one pass without any recirculation

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In an ideal impulse turbine, the

Whirl velocity at inlet is equal to that at the outlet
Axial velocity at inlet is equal to that at the outlet
Relative velocity at the inlet of the moving blade is equal to that at the outlet
Absolute velocity at the inlet of moving blade is equal to that at the outlet

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