Mass Transfer
Steady state equimolal counter diffusion is encountered in

All liquid-liquid diffusion systems
Absorption of NH₃ from air by water
All of these
Separation of a binary mixture by distillation

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids

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