Refractory Technology
Spalling resistance of a refractory can not be increased by

Using a coarser grog during its manufacture
Decreasing its thermal co-efficient of expansion
Making it denser
Increasing its porosity

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Refractory Technology
Silica refractories

All of these
Have lower thermal conductivity than fireclay bricks
Crack when subjected to sudden change of temperature
Can not be used in the dome of hot blast stoves

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