Refractory Technology
Spalling resistance of a refractory can not be increased by

Increasing its porosity
Making it denser
Using a coarser grog during its manufacture
Decreasing its thermal co-efficient of expansion

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Refractory Technology
Quartz is

Transformed to crystoballite on heating above 1470°C
Converted to tridymite on firing between 870 to 1470°C
All of these
Stable form of silica upto 870°C

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