Manufacturing And Production Technology
Shrinkage allowance on pattern is provided to compensate for shrinkage when

The temperature of metal drops from pouring to room temperature
The temperature of liquid metal drops from pouring to freezing temperature
The metal changes from liquid to solid state at freezing temperature
The temperature of solid phase drops from freezing to room temperature

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
Cutting velocity remains constant
All of these

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