Electrical Machines
Short circuiting is caused in the armature winding due to

  failure of insulation between two turns of coil.
 failure of insulation between two commutator bars.
  any of above.
  grounding of two or more turns of the same coil.

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Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when commissioned after a major repair of the field system, failed to build Up voltage. It was because

 there was a break in the armature circuit
 field resistance was higher than critical resistance
 field system lost residual magnetism
 field winding was wrongly connected

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