Electrical Machines
Short circuiting is caused in the armature winding due to

  failure of insulation between two turns of coil.
 failure of insulation between two commutator bars.
  grounding of two or more turns of the same coil.
  any of above.

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Electrical Machines
Cogging and crawling are phenomena associated with

 cage induction machines and they are essentially the same.
 the former during starting and the latter at a fraction of its rated speed.
 any of the above.
 the former at a fraction of its rate speed and the latter during starting.

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