Electrical Machines
Short circuiting is caused in the armature winding due to

  failure of insulation between two turns of coil.
 failure of insulation between two commutator bars.
  any of above.
  grounding of two or more turns of the same coil.

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Electrical Machines
A 10 kW, 230 V, dc shunt machine has four terminals brought out through four leads. For this machine

 armature winding has thin leads whereas field winding has thick leads
 both the windings have thin leads
 both the windings have thick leads
 armature winding has thick leads whereas field winding has thin leads

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