Mass Transfer
For water-ethanol system, the minimum reflux ratio

Is computed from the intercept of the operating line
Is computed from the slope of the upper operating line that is tangent to the equilibrium curve
Cannot be computed
Is the optimum reflux ratio

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area
Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area

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