CELL SIGNALLING AND TRANSDUCTION QUIZ

increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

Growth factors

Progesterone

Adrenaline

Nitric oxide

bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades

are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

never enter the blood of humans

None of these

both (a) and (b)

target cells close to the cell from which it was secreted

target cells distant from its site of synthesis in cells of an endocrine organ

All of these

the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells

reduced blood pressure

relaxation of smooth muscle cells

Ion-channel linked receptors

G protein linked receptors

Enzyme linked receptors

All of these

neurotransmitters

none of these

both (a) and (b)

hormones

is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart

mimics the action of signal receptors

interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle

GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

None of these

All of these

Nitric oxide would no longer be produced

Smooth muscle cells could not be made to relax

It would be more difficult to increase blood flow and reduce blood pressure