Engineering Materials
The brown smoke during the operation of a Bessemer converter indicates that the

Air is burning out silicon and manganese
The converter must be titled to remove the contents of the converter
Silicon and manganese has burnt and carbon has started oxidizing
The brown smoke does not occur during the operation of a Bessemer converter

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Engineering Materials
Malleable cast iron

Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough, and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or cerium) in the ladle. Graphite is in the nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron

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