Furnace Technology
Presence of SO₂ in furnace gases attacks the ferrous metal by way of

Causing metal embrittlement
Accelerating the rate of scaling
All of these
Attacking the grain boundaries; particularly severe on low carbon and nickel bearing steels at high temperature

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of non-preheated combustion air
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace

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Furnace Technology
Turn down ratio of a burner

Is the ratio of maximum to minimum permissible heat input rates
Should be as low as possible i.e., 1 : 2
Is normally much more for a continuous furnace as compared to a batch furnace
Should be 1:1 for a batch type furnace.

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