Furnace Technology
Ingress of cold air in the furnaces through cracks, charging doors, openings etc.

All of these
Reduces the furnace draught
Increases the load on the induced draft fan
Reduces the flue gas temperature and makes the furnace atmosphere oxidising

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of pulverised solid fuels
Use of non-preheated combustion air
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace

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