Furnace Technology
Ostwald charts are meant for

Computing the excess/deficiency of combustion air
Calculation of flue gas temperature
Computation of flue gas analysis
None of these

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Use of non-preheated combustion air
Use of pulverised solid fuels

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