Chemical Process
Permanent hardness of water can be removed by

Passing it through cation & anion exchangers
All of these
Adding alum
Simply boiling

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Chemical Process
Transparent soaps (e.g. Pears) are

None of these
Metallic soaps with frothing agent and free stearic acid to achieve transparency
Metallic soaps with frothing agent from which glycerine has not been recovered
Usually soft soap (made from coconut oil) in which cane sugar & alcohol are added and finally washed with methylated spirit to achieve transparency

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