Mass Transfer
Penetration theory states that the mass transfer co-coefficient is equal to (where, De is diffusivity and 't' is time)

(4De/t)
(4De/πt)1/2
(De/t)1/2
(De.t)1/2

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Mass Transfer
In case of an absorber, the operating

Line can be either above or below the equilibrium curve
Line always lies below the equilibrium curve
Line always lies above the equilibrium curve
Velocity is more than the loading velocity

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