Mass Transfer
Penetration theory states that the mass transfer co-coefficient is equal to (where, De is diffusivity and 't' is time)

(4De/πt)1/2
(De.t)1/2
(De/t)1/2
(4De/t)

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, increases surface area

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Mass Transfer
If a two phase system is in physical equilibrium; then it means that, the

Total pressure throughout the liquid phase is equal to that throughout the vapor phase
Escaping tendency of each component from the liquid phase to the vapor phase is exactly equal to that from vapor phase to liquid phase
All of these
Temperature of the liquid phase is equal to that of the vapor phase

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